What the numbers show
Big economies make most of their own inputs
Ontario and Quebec lose the least to other provinces: 5.7¢ and 7.3¢ of each dollar. Ontario still sends 19.6¢ abroad, second only to New Brunswick, largely because its manufacturing runs on imported parts. For Ontario car makers, 68.6¢ of every dollar of output pays for imports somewhere in the supply chain.
The North is supplied from the south
Nunavut and the Northwest Territories send about 23¢ of every dollar to other provinces, four times Ontario’s share. Most goods and many services are brought in from southern Canada, so a large part of each northern dollar becomes income somewhere else.
Resource economies keep value, not jobs
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Newfoundland and Labrador keep 76–78¢ of each dollar at home, near the top of the country. Yet they support only 6.0–6.5 jobs per $1 million of output, against 9.7–9.9 in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Oil, gas and potash use a lot of capital and comparatively few workers.
New Brunswick imports its crude
New Brunswick sends 28.6¢ of every dollar outside Canada, the most of any province. The likely reason is its large oil refinery: 84.2¢ of each dollar of refinery output goes to imports, which for a refinery means mainly crude oil.
Where each province’s dollar goes
The same split for all thirteen provinces and territories. Every bar is $1 of new output, and the segments show where it ends up once the whole supply chain is counted.
Total industries, simple multipliers. The number beside each name is the measure you sorted by (kept at home when sorted west to east). Kept at home is the within-province GDP multiplier; other provinces is the all-provinces GDP multiplier minus the within-province one. In every province and year the four parts add up to between 99.1¢ and 100¢.
Mapping the multipliers
Choose a measure and a year. The colours keep one scale for every year, so you can drag the slider and compare. Small provinces are easy to miss on a map, so the ranked list beside it shows the exact values.
Province and territory boundaries from Natural Earth, joined to the multipliers through Statistics Canada’s DGUID codes. Neighbour links are the ones used for the spatial statistics below; the dashed links are Prince Edward Island’s bridge and ferry.
Do neighbours look alike?
Moran’s I tests whether provinces that share a border have similar values. Positive values mean neighbours resemble each other, and values near −0.08 (what random placement would give) mean there is no pattern. Neighbours share a land border; Prince Edward Island is linked to New Brunswick by the Confederation Bridge and to Nova Scotia by ferry. With only 13 regions, treat the p-values as signals rather than proof.
| Measure, 2022 | Moran’s I | p-value | Reading |
|---|
Only one measure clusters clearly: the share that spills to other provinces (I = 0.31, p = 0.05). The three territories sit side by side and all rely on southern suppliers. Jobs per $1 million show a weaker pattern (I = 0.23, p = 0.10), with a low-jobs block running from Alberta and Saskatchewan into the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Import leakage has no spatial pattern: it depends on each province’s industries, not on where it is.
Each dot is a province: its own value (standardized) against the average of its neighbours. The slope of the line is Moran’s I.
Four kinds of provincial economy
I described each province with seven measures for 2022: kept at home, spent in other provinces, spent abroad, jobs per $1 million, labour’s share of GDP, the share of the GDP multiplier that comes from household spending, and the output multiplier. After standardizing them, k-means found that four groups fit best (silhouette score 0.48), and Ward’s hierarchical clustering produced exactly the same four groups. The chart places provinces on the first two principal components, which together hold 72% of the variation.
What the two axes are made of
How things changed, 2010–2022
Pick a measure and a province to highlight. The grey lines are the other twelve.
Hover or use the left and right arrow keys to read every province in a year. Jobs per $1 million are in current dollars, so they fall over time partly because prices rose: the same million buys less work in 2022 than in 2010.
- Newfoundland and Labrador now keeps 77.5¢ of each dollar, up from 70.3¢ in 2010, as its import share fell from 18.2¢ to 12.8¢.
- New Brunswick’s import share moves with world oil prices: 29.9¢ in 2013, 21.6¢ in 2020 and back to 28.6¢ in 2022.
- Saskatchewan’s share kept at home jumped from 71.8¢ to 76.3¢ in 2022, the year of the commodity price boom.
Inside each economy: industries
Rank the industries of any province or territory, from about 100 in Nunavut to more than 200 in the large provinces. The bars split each multiplier into the industry itself (direct), its suppliers (indirect) and the extra household spending that the new wages create (induced).
2022, effects across all of Canada. Industries with no output in the province are left out, and so are urban transit and business-sector social assistance: large product subsidies push their values per dollar of output above $1, so they do not compare with other industries.
How this was made
The data
Statistics Canada table 36-10-0595-01, Input-output multipliers, provincial and territorial, detail level: 4,998,743 rows covering 13 provinces and territories, about 220 industries, 14 variables, 7 multiplier types and two geographic coverages, for 2010 to 2022. I kept the “Total industries” rows for every year and every industry for 2022. No values are missing or flagged. Canadian territorial enclaves abroad (embassies and bases) are left out.
What a multiplier measures
Every multiplier is per $1 of an industry’s output. Direct effects happen in the industry itself, indirect effects in its suppliers and their suppliers, and induced effects come from households spending the extra wages. Simple = direct + indirect; total = simple + induced; type II = total ÷ direct. “Within province” counts only effects inside the province; “all provinces” adds the effects in the rest of Canada.
From multipliers to cents
With simple multipliers, each dollar of output is eventually paid out as value added, imports or taxes on products:
GDP at basic prices + international imports + taxes on products − subsidies on products = $1
In this table the sum falls between 99.1¢ and 100¢ for all 169 province-years. Kept at home is the within-province GDP multiplier; other provinces is the all-provinces GDP multiplier minus the within-province one; outside Canada is the all-provinces imports multiplier.
Spatial join and statistics
Boundaries come from Natural Earth (1:50m, public domain), projected to Statistics Canada’s Lambert conformal conic projection and simplified with mapshaper, then joined to the table on DGUID (2021A0002 plus the two-digit province code). Spatial weights use shared land borders (rook contiguity) plus Prince Edward Island’s two fixed links, row-standardized. Moran’s I p-values come from 20,000 random permutations (one-sided).
Clustering
Seven 2022 measures, standardized. k-means with 50 random starts for k = 2 to 6 gave silhouette scores of 0.38, 0.42, 0.48, 0.36 and 0.30, so k = 4. Ward’s hierarchical clustering gives identical groups. Principal components are used only to draw the chart.
Limits
Input–output multipliers assume fixed production recipes, no capacity limits and constant prices. They describe average past relationships, not forecasts, and a specific project can differ a lot from the “Total industries” average. The table shows how much spills to other provinces in total, not which province receives it. Thirteen regions is a very small sample for spatial statistics. Jobs are per million current dollars.
Files
The cleaned extracts behind this page: multipliers_total_industries_2010_2022.csv and multipliers_by_industry_2022.csv. Built with Python (pandas, scikit-learn), mapshaper and plain JavaScript, with no chart library.
Data and citation
Data used. Statistics Canada table 36-10-0595-01 for the 13 provinces and territories: the “Total industries” rows for every year from 2010 to 2022, and all industries for 2022. From it, this page uses output, GDP at basic prices, labour income, jobs, international imports, taxes on products and subsidies on products; the direct, indirect, induced, simple, total and type II multipliers; and both “within province” and “all provinces” coverage.
Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0595-01 Input-output multipliers, provincial and territorial, detail level. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3610059501-eng (accessed October 16, 2026)
Adapted from Statistics Canada under the Statistics Canada Open Licence. This does not constitute an endorsement by Statistics Canada of this product.
Map boundaries: Natural Earth, 1:50m admin-1 states and provinces (public domain), naturalearthdata.com.